Proj 420 Entire Course Project Risk Management Essay

A++PAPER;http://www.homeworkproviders.com/shop/proj-420-entire-course/ PROJ 420 ENTIRE COURSE PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT PROJ 420 (PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT) COMPLETE WORK – DEVRY PROJ 420 Week 1 Course Project Assignment Project Topic Proposal and Outline PROJ 420 Week 1 Discussion 1 Why Should We Practice Risk Management PROJ 420 Week 1 Discussion 2 The ATOM Risk Management Process PROJ 420 Week 2 Course Project Assignment; Project Sizing and Stakeholder Analysis PROJ 420 Week 2 Discussion 1 The Initiation Step PROJ 420 Week 2 Discussion 2 Risk Identification PROJ 420 Week 3 Course Project Assignment; Project Risk Breakdown Structure PROJ 420 Week 3 Discussion 1 MRP Process PROJ 420 Week 3 Discussion Risk†¦show more content†¦PROJ 420 Week 2: Project Sizing and Stakeholder Analysis Your Course Project milestone for Week 2 will be to develop your project sizing and stakeholder analysis. To do this, use the Week 2 Course Project Assignment Template (PROJ420_W2_AssignmentTemplate.docx) in Doc Sharing. PROJ 420 Week 3 Quiz PROJ 420 Week 3: Project Risk Breakdown Structure For your third Course Project milestone, develop a risk breakdown structure. To do this, use the Week 3 Course Project Assignment Template (PROJ420_W3_AssignmentTemplate.docx) in Doc Sharing. In order to keep the RBS manageable, identify 10 risks from your project to be included in your RBS. PROJ 420 Week 4: Probability-Impact Matrix This week for your Course Project milestone, submit a Probability-Impact Matrix for the project you selected based on the top 10 risks you identified in your RBS in Week 3. To do this, use the Week 4 Course Project Assignment Template (PROJ420_W4_PIMatrixTemplate.xlsx) in Doc Sharing. PROJ 420 Week 5: Risk Register Develop and submit a risk register based on the 10 risks you have assessed within the project you selected. Your register should have four sections. Project title Risk description Impact and probability rating Planned response Note that there is no template for this week’s assignment. PROJ 420 Week 6 Quiz PROJ 420 Week 6: Summary Risk Report ThisShow MoreRelatedProject Managemant29326 Words   |  118 Pagesimportance of initiating projects that add value to an organization 2. Discuss the background of ResNet at Northwest Airlines 3. Distinguish among the three major projects involved in ResNet 4. Appreciate the importance of top management support on ResNet 5. Discuss key decisions made early in the project by the project manager 6. Relate some of the early events in ResNet to concepts described in previous chapters 7. Discuss some of the major events early in the project that helped set the stage

Theory of Knowledge Essay Free Essays

Theory of Knowledge Name: Rigved Sawant Topic: ‘Role of language and reasoning in History. ’ What is history? History, as anyone would know is the study of the human past. It can also mean the period of time after which writing was found. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Knowledge Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a field of research which uses a chronological pattern to examine and analyze the sequence of events and it also very minutely determines the cause and effect of such events. Those who study or researches in history are called historians. For them to have clear knowledge of language to be used history is very important. What I mean to say is that language has an exceptional place in history. Language was and still is a vital tool for better communication. It not only conveys thoughts, ideas, but forges friendship, cultural ties, etc. Throughout history many have reflected on the importance of language in history. For example, the scholar Benjamin Whorf has noted that language shapes thoughts and emotions, determining one’s perception of reality. Without proper use of language we cannot convey our thoughts effectively. Language is very relevant to understand history. History is subjective based on who is telling it and language is the ‘teller’. For example, the history of slavery; from the slave master’s point of view slavery for him will be according to the language he uses to describe it. He would use a language which will describe chattel, property, free labor, political advantage. But for a slave, it would be the other way round. The language he would use would be of degradation, sorrow, pain humiliation, torture. Two different perspectives of the same event. Look at the Holocaust, the language used by a Jew to describe the events during the world war 2 will be different from a language a German soldier of the third Reich would use. As time progressed some of the important languages in which also many of the ancient artifacts were written have diminished. People don’t understand the importance of such languages. For example, Sanskrit, it was or I would like to put it as it still is the most prominent language of all times. Many of the modern languages were evolved from this language alone. Such artifacts are also tampered and their language could be misused. Historians have to take care of the language they use while making their claims. Reason or the faculty of reason is a mental ability found in human beings. We normally give reasons to things we claim. Reason is the means by which rational beings meaning human beings give explanation concerning cause and effect, true or false. It also explains or justifies some event or phenomenon. Through arguments and proper means of reasoning we can justify our thoughts. Reason can change our beliefs, traditions and attitude. Same like in language we also have to reason correctly to support our claims. Reasoning is very important for historians. If proper reasoning is not provided by them no one would believe their works. When people have different perspectives the essence of the true reasons gets lost in the altering of the tale being told which is clouded by different perceptions. History has being significant in being biased throughout, from beginning of mankind. One cannot say that there was no reason for the events that had catastrophic effects that dehumanized our civilization. History gets lost in translation as we may not know what actually happened. There have always been different versions to the same story but the fact remains the same; History has always been altered. For example, books published in India say that Akbar was a great king, whereas books published in Pakistan say that he wasn’t a great king. Holy books of India have also been tampered while being translated. Although history has been proven wrong many times it wouldn’t be possible to evolve into this era of technology without the prior knowledge of human civilization. How to cite Theory of Knowledge Essay, Essays

Barriers to Communication

Question: Discuss and evaluate how barriers to communication can impact upon an individual and a team when meeting an organisation's goals and objectives, taking the strategies available to assist in overcoming them into consideration . Answer: Introduction: Since man is a social being, it is by communication only, that he expresses his needs, desires and objectives of life. Similarly, the organizational need of effective communication can also not be overstated, as the managers of the organizations explain their business objectives, only through communication, and it is communication only that helps them to improve the employee morale and to increase the total productivity. However, communication is itself a very complex process, and often the managerial heads encounter various obstacles, while communicating their business goals to the employees; these barriers can be language or cultural barriers, physical barriers or even perceptual barriers. However, whatever the barrier be, the organizational heads must ensure that they are capable of surmounting the barriers, as a simple, lucid and objective-oriented method of communication, helps the employees understand the ulterior objectives of the organization, and to work in accordance with t he same (Argenti 2015). Discussion: Usually the research and critical study in the past has revolved around the concept of business strategy of an organization that leads to the organizational success, but much recently, the benefit of effective communication, within an organization has received much critical attention. Research showed that lack of good communication within an organization, has not only led to the reduction of productivity and lack of enthusiasm among the employees, but it has also led to sabotage and office politics within the organization (Cornelissen 2014). Figure1: Functions of communication in an Organization (Source: Castells 2013) As the above diagram shows, the functions of communication are many, and apart from increasing the efficiency of the employees, it also promotes a healthy corporate culture in the company. However, there are various kinds of barriers which impede the flow of successful communication. One major common barrier, at present is the language and cultural barrier, which is especially relevant in a global business environment. As nowadays, every large organization is expanding itself to various corners of the world, lingual and cultural diversity in workplace is a common issue. However, in a business meeting, the managerial heads of an organization often encounters difficulty in explaining the business objectives clearly to someone to whom the words, phrases, expressions or symbols and gestures, all together mean a different thing. Further, lack of cultural awareness can land a managerial head in trouble, for instance, an US employee will prefer to be addressed by his first name, while a Bri tish employee will prefer his last name to be used for the same purpose (Jandt 2015). Thus, the cultural differences can create much barrier in communicating the objectives and goals of the organizations, not merely because of the linguistic differences, but also owing to the difference in cultural backgrounds and ethnicity of the employees concerned. This kind of cultural and linguistic barriers can be created, not only when an organization has diversity in workplace, but also when an expatriate goes to work abroad. Even if an individual has adequate knowledge about the foreign language, he may face difficulty in getting himself understood, as his fluency and enunciation of each word, will differ from the natives. Again, while the people from the Western culture usually have a much direct and straightforward method of negotiating business deals, the people from the Eastern culture, will usually prefer to use more discrete ways of business negotiation (Tenzer et al., 2014). Communication is a process that enables an individual to transmit as well as to exchange his ideas, decisions or thoughts with others. An effective communication takes place, only when the sender of the message is capable of successfully delivering the message to the receiver, who in turn decodes the message and provides a feedback, accepting or negating the message received. Figure 2: Diagram Showing the Process of Communication (Stacks and Salwen 2014) Although communication plays a vital role for the organizational success, as it helps in the decision-making process as well as for motivational purposes, it may encounter barriers, on three levels which are as follows: At the physical level At the level of intelligence At the emotional level (Hewitt and Pound 2013) It may happen that although there is no form of cultural or linguistic diversity in the workplace, and even if it exists, it is resolved, the business objectives or the innovative ideas may not be communicated effectively, because of the physical barriers. Physical barriers occur because of the environmental and natural condition, whereby the thoughts cannot be communicated, because of workplace design problems, technological problems or noise (Baker and Warren 2015). First, an organization must have a suitable structure that facilitates easy communication. If the working area is very large, or if it has separate working areas for employees belonging to different status, or it has too many closed doors, then it may forbid the employees from interacting with the colleagues or the managerial heads before starting their tasks. Poor communication can lead to multiple errors in the assignments or tasks performed and can affect the overall productivity of the organization. Besides, noise i s another form of physical barrier, that impedes the flow of communication, and if an organization is located beside a factory, it may face an all-time noisy, clamorous environment (Bauer 2015). With the advancement of technology, nowadays, communication also takes place via online modes. However, due to technical problems, for example, computer virus or a sudden computer crash or even network error, can create much disruption in the communication process (Bishop et al. 2013). Further, there can be psychological barriers in the method of communication, that can impede the flow of thoughts and ideas. The psychological barriers may include attitude problem, ego problem, inattentiveness or difference in viewpoints, resulting in rejection of any opposing opinion. Communication is a process that not only involves the presence of an effective medium, but also requires the desirable mental condition to help in easy communication. An employee may be distracted for any personal reason, as a result of which he will be inattentive to whatever the manager or his boss will be discussing in an office meeting. As a result, he will not only fail to deliver his tasks in accordance with the instructions given, but he will also fail to send any proper feedback. Further, if an individual has a specific mindset while attending a meeting, he will never be able to appreciate a second opinion, and communication skills is not only about speaking, but also about listening. Differen ce in perspectives, viewpoint or attitude can arise because of cultural differences, or because of closed mindedness (Simpson et al. 2015). Although there can be various barriers in the method of communication, an organization must ensure successful communication, as it helps in organizational success, starting with the formulation of the plans to the implementation of the same. Hence, it is important to know the means of preventing the barriers of communication. An organization should arrange an ideal workplace, that will make effective interpersonal communication suitable to take place. Keeping this in consideration, the office room of the departmental head, should be very closely and conveniently located, near the employees of the particular department. This will allow the employees, to get doubts or queries clarified before initiating a task (Cenere et al. 2015). The communicator, before initiating a conversation, must have the clarity of ideas and the purpose in his mind, so that while delivering the message, his speech does not reflect ambiguity, or doubt and hesitation. If the managerial head or departmental head is delivering the message orally in a business meeting, for the first time, he may chalk out a well-designed communication plan, with the help of some experienced officials, so that he get the objectives and purpose of his communication, clearly defined. In case, the communicator suffers from lack of sufficient confidence for a public speech, he may rehearse for several times, before he actually delivers the speech (Cenere et al. 2015). However, it is not only enough to deliver the message with a tone of confidence and assertion, but it equally is important for the communicator to respect the values and the ideological perspectives of the listeners. Many organizations are currently investing much time and money for polishing the communication skills of the employees, whereby they are being taught to communicate in a reserved, polished and sensible way so as not to hurt the beliefs or the values of the listeners. Thus, empathy is an important quality, which should be employed, by the communicator to assist in the communication process, as it will make him more tolerant towards opposing perspectives and thought systems. Further, the communicator must be able to speak in a simple, straight-forwards, lucid and elaborate language. He should avoid the use of any form of flowery, artificial vocabulary or overuse of technical words. Exaggeration or subjective tone, should be avoided at every cost (Locker et al. 2013). In an organization, the purpose of communication, is usually to convince and persuade the listeners. Hence, the communicator, must use an eloquent and persuasive style of delivering message for which the speaker may convince the audience, by drawing examples of similar situations of other organizations, as well. In fact, story-telling method of communication will help the communicator gain the confidence of the employees, and create a friendly atmosphere which will increase his acceptability as a communicator. Again, if the communicator is too much occupied with establishing his own arguments, he may lose out much of the perspectives of his fellow colleagues. The whole method of communication implies not only speaking but also listening and adopting counter arguments. The organizations can take help of different seminars and conferences, that will teach the employees to become good listeners. Effective listening skills largely benefit an organization, as it disrupts the organizationa l hierarchy, creating space for greater dimension of knowledge, through the interchange of innovative thoughts and ideas (Robinson et al. 2013). Again, noise is a very common barrier in the communication process, and while nothing much can be done about natural noises, such as thunder or rain sound, much can be done about the man-made noises. The organization should select its location very discreetly, and if possible, it should be located far from the busy streets or any sort of factory or industry. Further, the management authority must make it clear to the employees, that they should not talk with each other overmuch in the workplace, or should not use cell phones for personal reasons within the workplace. While engaging in international business activities, the officials must be very adept in speaking the official language as well as the regional language of the country he is visiting. The acquisition of foreign language skill, is also important for the expatriates, who for the successful completion of the assignments, will need to communicate well to the foreigners. Plus, distance acts as a huge barrier in the communicat ion process, and although there have been much technological innovations to reduce the distance barrier in the communication, the problem persists. An employee must have sufficient knowledge about the time zone difference of another country, before trying to communicate with the officials or employees, residing in that country, with the help of Skype. The management authority should ensure that the channels of the communication, such as the telephones or the computers, are well-maintained. Conclusion: Communication plays a vital role in an organization, as it enables the interchange of ideas and thoughts, appraisal of the employees, and discharge of duties, and hence much steps should be taken to prevent the communication barriers. Much of the responsibility lies on the management authority, who must ensure clear audibility of the speech, by creating desirable sitting arrangement and environmental comfort. I case of semantic barriers, if the acquisition of language could not be possible, maximizing the use of charts and graphs, or sign language and gestures in a meeting can be very helpful. In case of cross cultural business assignments, the expatriates should be given professional training on the traditional beliefs and cultural values of the foreign countries. Above all, frequent participatory activities within the organization, can always help in easy flow of communication among the officials and the employees (Westmyr and Warren 2015). Reference List: Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Baker, T. and Warren, A., 2015. The Nine Common Barriers to Communication. InConversations at Work(pp. 54-74). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Bauer, S., 2014, November. Relationship between disability and physical and communication-related barriers to health care related services. In142nd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 15-November 19, 2014). APHA. Bishop, T.F., Press, M.J., Mendelsohn, J.L. and Casalino, L.P., 2013. Electronic communication improves access, but barriers to its widespread adoption remain.Health Affairs,32(8), pp.1361-1367. Castells, M., 2013.Communication power. OUP Oxford. Cenere, P., Gill, R., Lawson, C. and Lewis, M., 2015. Communication skills for business professionals [metadata only]. Cenere, P., Gill, R., Lawson, C. and Lewis, M., 2015.Communication Skills for Business Professionals 7. Cambridge University Press. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Hewitt, A. and Pound, C., 2013. Communication Barriers: Building Access and Inclusive Relationships.Disabling Barriers-Enabling Environments, p.181. Jandt, F.E., 2015.An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Locker, K. and Kaczmarek, S., 2013.Business communication: Building critical skills. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Robinson, L., Segal, J. and Segal, R., 2013. Effective communication: Improving communication Skills in Business and Relationships. Simpson, C., 2015.Science of coercion: Communication research psychological warfare, 19451960. Open Road Media. Stacks, D.W. and Salwen, M.B. eds., 2014.An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Routledge. Tenzer, H., Pudelko, M. and Harzing, A.W., 2014. The impact of language barriers on trust formation in multinational teams.Journal of International Business Studies,45(5), pp.508-535. Westmyer, S. and Warren, N., 2015. Positive Confirmation: Communication Skills in Business Settings Exercise.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,42.

My Brother free essay sample

Ive done many things that would make any parent proud. Iveparticipated in sports, church and school events, but I ammost proud to be a good big brother. Its an ongoingaccomplishment; I am second oldest in a family of six. Thereisnt too much out there I wouldnt do for my siblings, asannoying as they can sometimes be. When you think ofbig brothers, do you think of a big, strong guy who will beatup all the bullies? Or do you think of a big brother as thebully who needs to be beaten up? When I think of big brothers,I think of the guy who defends the family and always looksafter the younger (or even older) siblings. I have to watchover four sisters and a brother, plus myself. Thats quite atask, but one I feel I have gotten good at. Mybrother needs more attention than most siblings. We will write a custom essay sample on My Brother or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he wasnine, he was hit by a pick-up truck on the way to the bus stopand lost use of the lower two-thirds of his body. Hes been ina wheelchair for six years. My brother does many things, butsometimes he tries to do things he used to do but cant now.Im always there with words of encouragement. My familyhas weathered the tremendous storm of my brothers accident bybecoming closer than most families, helping one another as ason and brother, a daughter and sister, and a mom or dad. Wecried on each others shoulders and, with the support of eachother and the grace of God, all of my family, including mybrother, has recovered from this emotional trauma. Inow watch my brother strive to do as many things as he canwithin and beyond his limits. Should he fall, I will be theperson to pick him up. I also watch as my younger sistersmature into intelligent, beautiful young women. Whenever mybrother or sisters need a helping hand or words ofencouragement, Im on the job. Thats what I, the big brother,am for.

Origin of Miranda Rights and Warning

Origin of Miranda Rights and Warning Ernesto Arturo Miranda was drifter and a career criminal who from age 12 was in and out of reform schools and state and federal prisons for various crimes including auto theft and burglary and sex offenses. On March 13, 1963, at age 22, Miranda was picked up for questioning by the Phoenix police after the brother of a kidnap and rape victim saw Miranda in a truck with plates that matched the description that his sister had provided. Miranda was placed in a lineup and after the police indicated to him that he had been positively identified by the victim, Miranda verbally confessed to the crime. That's the Girl He was then taken to the victim to see if his voice matched the voice of the rapist. With the victim present, the police asked Miranda if she was the victim, to which he answered, Thats the girl. After Miranda said the short sentence, the victim identified his voice as being the same as the rapist. Next, Miranda was brought to a room where he recorded his confession in writing on forms with preprinted terms that read, †¦this statement has been made voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion or promises of immunity and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make can and will be used against me.   However, at no time had Miranda been told that he had the right to remain silent or that he had the right to have an attorney present. His court assigned attorney, 73-year-old Alvin Moore, tried to get the signed confessions thrown out as evidence, but was unsuccessful. Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced up to 30 years in prison. Moore tried to get the conviction overturned by the Arizona Supreme Court, but failed. U.S. Supreme Court In 1965, Mirandas case, along with three other cases with similar issues, went before the U.S. Supreme Court. Working pro bono, attorneys John J. Flynn and John P. Frank of the Phoenix law firm Lewis Roca, submitted the argument that Mirandas Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights had been violated. Flynns argument was that based on Miranda being emotionally disturbed at the time of his arrest and that with a limited education, he would not have knowledge of his Fifth Amendment right to not incriminate himself and that he was also not informed that he had the right to an attorney. In 1966, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed, and in a landmark ruling in the case of Miranda v. Arizona that established that a suspect has the right to remain silent and that prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants while in police custody unless the police have advised them of their rights. Miranda Warning The case changed the way police handle those arrested for crimes. Before questioning any suspect who has been arrested, police now give the suspect his Miranda rights or read them the Miranda warning. The following is the common Miranda warning used by most law enforcement agencies in the United States today: You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense. Conviction Overturned When the  Supreme Court  made its landmark Miranda ruling in 1966, Ernesto Mirandas conviction was overturned. Prosecutors later retried the case, using evidence other than his confession, and he was convicted again and sentenced to 20 to 30 years. Miranda served 11 years of the sentence and was paroled in 1972. When he was out of prison he began selling Miranda cards that contained his signed autograph. He was arrested on minor driving offenses a few times and on gun possession, which was a violation of his parole. He returned to prison for another year and was again released in January 1976. Ironic End for Miranda On January 31, 1976, and just weeks after his release from prison, Ernesto Miranda, age 34, was stabbed and killed in a bar fight in Phoenix. A suspect was arrested in Mirandas stabbing, but exercised his right to remain silent. He was released without being charged.

Low-Cost Gift Ideas for College Students

Low-Cost Gift Ideas for College Students If youre like most college students, buying gifts present a complicated dilemma: Youd like to give nice presents but you are, after all, a college student trying to live on a budget. So how can you balance wanting to give nice presents with the limits of your bank account? Luckily, there are ways to give low-cost gifts without coming across as cheap. 8 Low-Cost Gift Ideas for College Students Print out and frame a nice picture. With everything being digital these days, try to remember the last time someone gave you a printed-out picture that you can hang on your wall and how nice that present was (or would be!). If youre really short on cash, print something at the highest quality available on your printer and make a nice frame to match. Give a simple college-themed gift. While the $60 sweatshirts in the campus bookstore are pretty nice, they might also be out of your budget. See what else you can find that celebrates your time in school while costing a little less. Keychains, bumper stickers, t-shirts on the clearance rack (will your cousin really know?), plastic cups, and lots of other presents can be had for under $10 and even under $5, if you really spend some time looking. Give the gift of time. Money may be in tight supply for you, but time may not be especially if you need a gift for the holidays when youre home on break. Consider planning a nice walk with your mom, ​volunteering with your dad, hanging out with your friend at his work one afternoon, or even babysitting for your parents so they can get some time to themselves. Make something from scratch. Nearly everyone has some kind of creative talent. Think about what you do best and run with it. Can you write a few poems? Paint a picture? Mold something out of clay? Take some awesome photographs? Make something from wood? Write a song? Record yourself singing your mothers favorite tunes? Dont sell yourself short as a great source of gifts you can make completely on your own. Put together a piece of your life at college. It doesnt have to be fancy to be effective. If, say, your grandmother never had the chance to go to college, put together a shadow box or collage of images from your time in school. You can collect things like stickers, fall leaves, a page from the course catalog, or articles from the school paper to give her a piece of what your college life is like. Make a memory box for an old friend or family member. You can probably find a nice little box somewhere on campus or at a local big box or drug store. Cut up some nice pieces of paper and write a cherished memory of you and the person youre giving your gift to; fold them over once or twice; Then write a nice card that explains the gift and says how often they can unwrap one of the little memories in the box (once a week? once a month?) It can be a great trip down memory lane for you and a very personal, meaningful gift for an old friend or beloved family member. Frame a design you make. Who says only a photograph can go in a picture frame? Start with a piece of paper and get creative. Print or cut out quotes about the importance of education, snip headlines from your school paper, take (or sketch) a picture of your school as long as you put together something with a similar theme (e.g., your campus), its hard to make a homemade gift like this look bad. Let your creativity flow without worrying about the cost. Switch up a usual gift into something different. Dinner and a movie is a pretty classic gift for a girlfriend, boyfriend, or even a parents birthday. But if your money is tight, you can switch things up to have an equally good time without the high cost. Consider, for example, going to breakfast and a movie. The food bill will be cheaper, your movie will likely be a matinee (and cheaper than an evening film), and you and the person you take will have a unique experience, too.

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 42

Journal - Assignment Example However, it is not possible without reference to other ethical and religious values​​, such as the purity of the soul and the mind. I strongly believe that everyone should strive to live an honest and righteous life without harming anyone. In addition, my religious beliefs have been influenced by the religious values ​​of people of other religions such as Buddhism and Islam. Buddhism attracts me with its special emphasis on harmony with the outside world, which is perceived as a living organism. In turn, in Islam, I drew attention to the religious conviction of the need to maintain a modest life. My personal experience as well as acquaintance with representatives of other religions allowed me to choose the most valuable religious values ​​that are the basis of my daily life, namely, modesty, honesty, willingness to help another person, and self-improvement. Making an integral part of my everyday life, they are my spiritual reliable

The Molecular Mechanism That Make Staphylococcus Aureus Resistant To Essay

The Molecular Mechanism That Make Staphylococcus Aureus Resistant To Antibiotics - Essay Example Once this critical function is affected the bacteria cannot carry out its normal functional roles, and it is eliminated from the ecosystem. Antibiotics bind to proteins making them lose theirs capacity to carry out normal functions. Proteins normally replicate DNA, resulting in cell walls for bacteria or proteins for definite purposes. According to Talaro (2006), these processes are extremely vital in the functioning of bacteria. On the other hand, if bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics, then the drugs’ ability to stop or control their growth fades away; hence, bacteria continue to thrive even when they are exposed to them. This is caused by molecular mechanisms of the bacterial species that render the antibiotics functionless. The resistant species cause infections which cannot be treated with the usual formerly effective drugs, dosages and concentrations that treated the disease successfully. This resilience might be caused by internal mechanisms or acquired from othe r external sources. Resistance to multiple antibiotics as shown by some pathogens is called Multidrug Resistance (MDR). A term superbug has now been coined and is used to refer to the same. Microorganisms have an important trait of being able to adapt fast to their environment hence can survive for a long time without being eliminated. Disease causing pathogens have become a serious threat in medicine due to their resistance to antibiotics. ... There are different lines of antibiotics such as first, second and possibly third. Drug resistant microorganisms may have acquired resistance to the first line of antibiotics hence causing the need to use the second line of antibiotics. The first line of these antibiotics is usually selected based on several advantageous factors which include safety, availability and their cost. In contrast the second line agents usually have a broader spectrum compared to those in the first line. They possess a less favorable risk benefit to the users and maybe more expensive and not accessible in the local marketplace. Resistance to the second and occasionally to the third line of antibiotics is usually acquired in a sequential manner (Bauman, Machunis-Masuoka, and Tizard, 2004). This is usually well illustrated by a bacterial strain called staphylococcus aureus, which is discussed abundantly in this essay. Resistance may be due to mutation which can either be spontaneous or induced by other factor s. It may also be through gaining resistant genes from other resistant bacterial species. This is through horizontal gene transfer which may occur through conjugation, transduction or transformation. These antibiotic resistance genes usually reside on the plasmids expediting their transmission. Contact with antibiotics necessitates natural selection, leading to the survival of organisms with resistant genes. This causes the gene for the antibiotic resistance to spread easily through an ecosystem of bacteria. Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that has shown resistance to antibiotics for a long period. This resistant pathogen is located on its hosts’ mucous membranes and human skin, is extremely resistant

Surgical quality improvement Essay Example for Free

Surgical quality improvement Essay Through a review of blood utilization in the surgical units, the administrative manager of clinical operations for a large hospital noted what she believed to be a significant variation in the number of transfusion orders being placed per surgical case among the surgeons on staff. She brought the question to the surgical quality improvement committee, and the committee initiated a review of current standard practice for ordering transfusions within the surgical units of the hospital and also a review of best practices as supported by current research evidence. They discovered that the evidence from transfusion research revealed that transfusion therapy can result in a variety of adverse patient outcomes, including the transmission of infection diseases and allergic reactions. As a result, the hospital medical staff moved to adopt as its general â€Å"best practice† for transfusion ordering: a minimum hemoglobin concentration of 7g/dL (21% hematocrit) as an indication for red cell transfusions and a 10g/dL hemoglobin concentration (30% hematocrit) as a level at which transfusion therapy usually is unnecessary. After the approved â€Å"best practice† guideline was introduced to the medical staff, a blood utilization dashboard was developed that helps responsible clinical managers identify at the physician level when transfusion orders are placed contrary to the guideline. Having this information available enables the clinical manager to address the issue on a unit or with the individual physician involved. Use of this dashboard has resulted in significant reduction in the variation in transfusion ordering practices among the medical staff and a significant reduction in blood utilization, which equates to a significant reduction in costs of maintaining the blood supply, and an improvement in patient outcomes. Questions: 1. What data elements must be accessed from the clinical data repository to drive the blood utilization dashboard? Explain. 2. What clinical data systems might this data come from? Explain. Support your answers from the text, supplemental readings, and any other applicable resources. APA Page Setup: Pages should be set with 1-inch margins. Font should be 12-point Times New Roman. Lines should be doubled-spaced throughout the document, without extra spaces at the top or bottom of the page or between paragraphs or sections. A complete document includes a title page, an abstract (if the instructor requires it), the body of the paper, a reference list, and appendices (if indicated). The paper should be 1 to 2 pages in length, not including cover page. Latour, K. M., Maki, S. E., Oachs, P. A. (2013). Health information management: Concepts, principles, and practice (4th ed.). Chicago: AHIMA Press.

My Angels :: Personal Narrative

My Angels It wasn't until I started to write this testimony that I realized that there are two special angels in my life. One in heaven and one on Earth. I had the general reasoning of any teenager: run to your closest friends, boyfriend, girlfriend, family, teachers for solutions to your problems, or for guidance, but that's not always so. Sure, some good friends and family are close enough to relate to, but it's the people that can read your face like a book that I am speaking of. The people that always bring a smile to your face even when you're in your deepest turmoil. These are your angels. Adam has been and always will be my angel. He was my salvation when I was weak, my shoulder to weep on, a joker, and an all around nice guy. If if it weren't for him I probably wouldn't have auditioned for Juilliard a few weeks back. I owe so much to him, but the biggest thanks I could ever give would be his persistent manner in getting me to audition for the drama plays. I have always had a passion for drama but didn't want to pursue it in St. Paul. I was so depressed about leaving all my friends behind at Whittier, that when I came here I didn't even give up---- I just didn't start at all. It wasn't until my first week of school that I met Adam, the boy who smiled from ear to ear... Little did I know that he would be the best friend I would make at St. Paul, and the first to leave me behind. Over the next two years we had gotten incredibly close. We went out for weekends, celebrated his 15th birthday with Andrea and Crystal, and Miguel---his closest friends. We helped ea ch other with our relationship problems, family problems, school mishaps... We were each other's alter egos when we went out. We had a conversation over the Internet a week before he died. He was so mad that I hadn't auditioned for the musical that he forced me to join crew (which a few weeks previous I had). That night we were talking about all these pranks we would play on the cast and crew, and the cast party to be had, and all the fun.

Maids Taking over the Role of Parents

Maids are taking over the role of parents? AS a parent, I read with interest how many busy parents â€Å"outsource† their work in raising their kids to their maids at home. (â€Å"Maids are taking over parenting role† – NST, May 10). In many homes these days, both parents work to pay the bills. But a better income does not mean a better quality of life for the family at home. Children would rather spend more time with their parents than be given money or presents as substitutes for parental attention. I believe children's behavior is the product of their environment. If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn. If they live with tolerance, they learn to be patient. If children learn about sharing, they learn to be generous. If children live with praise, they learn to appreciate. Child minders are not good role models for our young kids to follow as their norms and values may not be suited to local conditions. I may not be a very good person, I have fights with my maid like, every single day, every single time. she’s so annoying sometimes. And when she screams, we couldn’t compare the difference between a pontianak and my maid. I mean, aren’t you afraid of indonesian maids? To me, they’re scary. Like, literally scary. So, never tie a string with a maid, tie a rope with your parents. Wow, that might be the best idiom ever. Or is it? Score gila siallll. Stay-in Maids have taken the role of parents (Government Team’s points. ) – Maids are always at home. – Maids know the children better (personality, behavior) – Maids are always available when the children need help. – Maids care for the children. – Parents are too dependent on maids. *For example: A parent sends his/her child to school, and the parent wants to know how his/her child behaves in school. So the parent asks the teacher about his/her child’s behavior. Just because the teacher spends more time with the child in school doesn’t mean the teacher is the parent of the child who knows the child more. Tell me, worthy opponents. Why is this so? High-achievers: -Some parents want their child to be high-achievers when they grow up. Therefore, they send their child to piano classes, tae kwon do classes, tuition, art classes and much, much more. The maid does not have time for the child because the child is very busy with the daily classes. Tell me, worthy opponents.

Marketing A New Product Essay

CheapTees, Inc. is a small manufacturing concern committed to the production of quality t-shirts at reasonable prices.   Part of the marketing strategy is to enter the Christmas giveaways segment of the market by offering products to firms needing quality items, which are to be given away to treasured customers and colleagues or partners. As the recipients of the gifts are considered very important from the firm’s viewpoint, it is essential that the product offered be of superior quality but at an affordable price.   According to website of BigStitches.com, the prospects for the garment industry seem very bright, as in 2002, when there was a registered increase of 16% in nationwide apparel sales over the previous year. Statement of Need The company is aware that many firms need to give Christmas gifts to its precious clients and colleagues during this most joyful season, and as such, it is the goal of this company to focus on its new product, a t-shirt called CheepTees. On the average, a medium-sized firm spends around USD10, 000 in Christmas gifts alone.   The company hopes to service this need to save firms from the usual headache and discomfort in terms of shopping for these gifts and going to the process of wrapping them before giving them away. Demographics Demographics are the characteristics of work group, organization, specific market or national populations, such as individuals between the ages of 18 and 25. For this particular product, demographics play an important role in marketing and advertising (McConnon, 2006). Statistics related to lifestyle habits, education and health are important in marketing this product and just as important in trying to market this product to a specific generation, like for instance, the youth. Thus, it is important that the specific target group be spelled out clearly as well as the geographic marketing area to which they belong. There is a need to get the best data, so the latest and most recent ones must be consulted in order to make a proper marketing strategy (Social/Economic/Demographic Statistics for Marketing). Marketing Marketing people can work their way through these websites and get a good glimpse of competitors. Since there is a proliferation of T-shirts in the market, this product must have a unique quality all its own. For instance, the designs will be handmade and made according to the client’s specifications. The company shall also look into some marketing upgrade. The company will focus strictly on messages that tell customers clearly about the products and services and how customers can benefit from using them. The company shall concentrate its advertising on specific feature/benefit premise. The company shall take the unique feature that it is handpainted with the customers’ personal taste in design. Selling Methods and Channels As the customers change, so have the ways companies get their attention. Customers are unique individuals and the company knows how to target and spend only on media that will reach potential prospects. The company will use smart advertising where it shall carefully craft marketing messages for individual customer types, speaking of the features and benefits in terms that each customer profile would appreciate. Direct mail works, but so do other focused methods like telemarketing. Customers demand convenience, price, access and selection. That is why, the company will also venture into Internet marketing in the future.

buy custom Environmental Issue in the Conflicts between TRIPS and CBD essay

buy custom Environmental Issue in the Conflicts between TRIPS and CBD essay Technological advancement on a global reach has made it possible for humankind to find easier, better livelihoods. It has also led to globalization in many aspects including social trends, communication, trade practices, management of businesses, industrial processes and much more. Inventions are therefore vital processes of human life, thus there is need to protect the innovativeness of the creators of products or processes from undue exploitation by other people. This was the idea behind the creation of the Intellectual Property Laws: laws that protect the rights of inventors and therefore encourage new ideas and products for social and economic development (Watal 1). The way these new products are used in the society, as well as the procedures controlling their trading, both locally and internationally is incorporated in the agreement called the Trade Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). However, in the much-needed procedure to protect the rights of inventors or creator s, certain elements of the social, environmental and biodiversity wellbeing of humans and other species living on Earth have been compromised. It can be debated, for instance, the significant action between protecting the rights of a drug inventor thereby allowing higher price for it and making the drug affordable to needy populations across the globe who cannot afford it (Parr 109). The convention that advocates for biodiversity conservation as the primary aim of any inventions is called the CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) .This paper will critically discuss the conflicts between the TRIPS and the CBD. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Intellectual properties are products of the creative ability of individuals for which a set of exclusive rights are granted. The chief aim of the intellectual property rights is to protect the innovative quality of the creator of the property from being exploited by others, thereby allowing the owner to recover the complete social value of the property. This protection encourages more innovations, which in turn add value to society. In the context of its social value, the intellectual property is also granted some value as if it were a real asset. International Bureau of WIPO (16) indicates that, such property maybe music, software, artistic and literary work, inventions, discoveries, words, phrases, designs and symbols. Intellectual property rights may include copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets and industrial design rights. The exclusive rights pertaining to the intellectual property rights allow the owner or creator to benefit from the proceeds of the property in the way of financial investment done. In the case of patents, the creator is allowed reward for research and development costs (Levine, 2008).The World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) gives two primary reasons for the development of Intellectual Property Rights. The first one is to give a statutory statement of the moral and economic rights of the inventors or creators in their work and to indicate the mode and extent of public access to these properties. The second reason is to encourage creativity in the society, which leads to increased economic growth and social development. Arguments from a moral perspective have supported IPR in that it is just to protect the product of ones intellect, and that it is not right to allow people to misuse others ideas (Correa 66). The Utilitarian-Pragmatic argument is of the view that, societies that protect intellectual property advance more than those that do not. Further, it is notable that, such protection leads to more security in creativity, and therefore a more socially and economically progressive society. On a personality perspective Richard (21) argues that a person has the ability to make his freewill into a thing, or make something the result of his freewill. The trade related aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) The Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement set the minimum protection level standards for every category of Intellectual Property Rights. These standards are incorporated in the national legislature of each member state of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It was formulated in 1994 after the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) convention in Uruguay (Carvalho 55). This agreement seeks to bring together all member states under a common set of regulations, thereby dealing with setbacks, such as copyright infringements and international piracy in every member state. TRIPS attempt to harmonize the two conflicting aspects of property rights: allowing motivation for research and development while at the same time giving the public access to existing inventions. Under the agreement, IPR extends the period for which a patent runs to 20 years from the date the patent is filed, and further time is allowed for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) (Wat al 1). The TRIPS also lay down the necessary legal and administrative backbone requirements, in certain details, in any of the member states for the proper and sufficient empowerment of rights holders to protect their products. The document also stipulates the correct procedure for disputes resolution whenever a dispute arises amongst the member states subject to the WTOs dispute settlement procedures. Special arrangements regarding the transitional period granted are given to Least Developed Countries (LDCs), which have not laid down the necessary product patent protection in pharmaceuticals (Bernasconi-Osterwalder 200). However, the members are left to implement the provisions of this agreement on their own. Some of the basic requirements of TRIPS include: copyright terms are given a period of 50 years after the death of the owner or creator. computer programs are given copyright protection as is given to literary works. copyright is given automatically and is not subject to such regulations as renewal of license or registration (Love 204). patents are granted in all technology fields and are enforceable by law for at least 20 years. This makes requires the member states to make patents available for technological inventions, whether in products or processes, as well asthe entire technology industry, without discrimination. exceptions to these rights are limited unless there is conflict between normal exploitation of the work and normal exploitation of the patent. intellectual Property Rights may not favour citizens of one state than they favour citizens of other signatory states as in the National Treatment principle. There are, however, some extremely limited exceptions to this requirement. Special interest areas of the TRIPS There are issues within the member states that are given particular consideration or importance by the TRIPS (Correa 65). These are listed below: Geographical indications Geographical indicators are defined in the TRIPS agreement as those properties or attributes of a good that identify it like theas original in the territory of its members, or a specific region within that territory, where a certain indication or characteristic is attributable to this geographical origin. According to the agreement, it is therefore the responsibility of the members to enforce legal means to prohibit the use of misleading indications as concerns geographical origin especially where the issue of unfair competition may arise (Watal 1) Industrial designs Members are obliged to protect new or original industrial designs after ascertaining that such designs do not resemble any known or existing designs. An exception to this consideration is if a design has been ordered to meet a specific functional or technical consideration (Parr 113). Patents Members are obliged to avail patents for new inventions, whether they are processes or products in the technology field (Moore Yang 31). However, this is subject to the basic tests of inventiveness, novelty and industrial applicability. The exceptions to patents grant is in cases where the product corrupts the morl theme of the public, or cause harm to animal or plant life. The second exception regards to therapeutic or surgical methods for the treatment of humans and other animals (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 12). Layout designs for electronic circuits This article requires members to provide protection for electronic circuit layouts in accordance with the IPIC (Intellectual property in respect of Integrated circuits) treaty. It lays down the period of protection as eight years, and lays down the procedure for dealing with innocent infringers (Grain 1). Protection of undisclosed information Undisclosed information may include trade secrets and any other information that has commercial value and that has undergone certain processes aimed at keeping it secret. This information is not treated in the agreement as a form of property, and further does not require that any bearer of such information must have the means ofprotecting it from beingaccessedby thethird parties (Parr 75). Convention on Biological Diversity Formed in 1993, the convention was formed with the aims of conserving the biological diversity, aiming for the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity and ensuring fair usage of products arising from the use of genetic resources. The convention sustains some conflicts with the TRIPS especially in its objective of ensuring fair usage of biogenetic products, since fair usage sometimes maybe restricted by Intellectual Property Laws. It has members from countries all over the world and holds periodic meetings (Moore Yang 32). Biodiversity This refers to the variety of life on planet Earth, including the patterns it forms, and the complex way in which species interrelate in order to sustain life. It is a product of billions of years of evolution and human influence. It also focuses in the genetic constitution of organisms, as well as the varied ecosystems in which life can be found. The convention is largely seen as the key global policy on sustainable development. Biodiversity guides decision-makers based on the principle that a threat in loss of biological diversity cannot be sufficiently met using the blame of incomplete scientific knowledge, but rather that entire measures must be taken in order to remove or otherwise minimize the danger (Grain 1). It argues that environment conservation and establishment of sound balance in ecosystems will eventually lead to economic and social benefits. Some important concerns in the convention are measures and incentives that lead to conservation of biodiversity regulation of access to genetic resources, including the prior informed consent of the source party allowing access to technology to the people or the government that offers resources that leads to the technology other key concerns are scientific cooperation, impact assessment, public awareness creation, provision of financial support and national reporting on issues of biodiversity treaty implementation. The Cartagena Protocol on biosafety The protocol was adopted in year 2000, thus also called as the Biosafety protocol. It seeks to protect the biological diversity from the risks of modified microorganisms that result from modern biotechnology. It asserts that all new technologies should be applied with precaution while allowing developing countries to balance economic gains with the equally weighty agenda of the public health. Therefore, countries are allowed in the protocol to ban imports containing genetically modified materials if the country feels there are no sufficient scientific proofs of safety in the use of such materials. In addition, the global strategy for plant conservation aims at implementing a policy to slow down the extinction of plants due to poor biosafety measures. The Nagoya Protocol This protocol was formed in 2010 and aims at ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits of utilization of genetic resources as a way of conserving and sustainably using biodiversity. Information to be shared include traditional knowledge as it relates to genetic resources covered by the CBD (Bernasconi-Osterwalder 189).There are other protocols and agreements formed under CBD with the chief aims of biodiversity conservation. Conflicts between the TRIPS and CBD It is evident from forgoing discussions that the intellectual property rights are crucial under both the CBD and TRIPs Agreement, although most of the issues are approached differently between the two organisations. Walker (45) indicates that both agreements possess a wide international acceptance and membership that is a strong motivation for development of mutually supportive relationships between the two respectable regimes. Currently, there are some developments, which have been set to establish methods to be followed for cooperation and consultants among the Secretariats of the CBD and TRIPs Agreement. The Secretariat of CBD posses an observer status in trade and environment organised by the WTO Committee (Busche 44). It is crucial to note that TRIPs Agreement and CBD offers degree of flexibility in the national implementations of their provision, thus there is a considerable extent for implementation of the two agreements to continue in a complementary manner. However,the speci fic policy or legal mechanisms, which can result to effective synergy, have not been well established. Nevertheless, there are a number of areas of policy coherence that has substantially been noted. Generally, the conflicts between the CBD and TRIPs Agreement concerning rights of biodiversity can adequately be sited through both will force parties and treaties to choose which agreement take preference over the other. Watal (1) found out that there are at least three notables areas that results to out right contradiction between the two organisations. Some of these areas include systems of rights, objectives and the legal obligations. The TRIPs and CBD have conflicting objectives The main intention of the CBD is to strengthen the capacities of developing countries, especially those in Africa, Asia, Asia Pacific and Latin America to use and conserve biological diversities on the long-term basis. This is done while taking into account all the rights over the available resources and comprising rights to enjoy benefits associated with the resource base. As a result of structural imbalances, which exist between countries rich in the biological diversity and the ones having strong legal and technological mechanisms, the South has persistently been over exploited (Busche 40). To rectify and level the playing field for equal participation of the developing countries, the CBD should: empower the South, in order to regulate access to its biodiversity. conditioning access to biodiversity of the South, through requiring initial informed consents as well as sharing of benefits attained. creation of enabling the environment to allow for transfer of technology from the North to South recognize the priority collective rights of the local communities living in the LDCs. This is because they are the main source of traditional knowledge and biodiversity and whose mandates in conservation are currently universally recognized as fundamental (Love 209). On the other hand, the TRIPs are intended to offer private property rights over the processes and rights, whether they pertains bio-diversity or not, with an aim of ensuring that the interests of corporate are equally safeguarded globally. Bernasconi-Osterwalder (131) argues that the equal legal regime that TRIPS hopes to attain may result to monopoly control, especially to those corporate that claim to have invented new animals, microorganisms, plants, or any other use thereof. Simply put the main agendas of the TRIPs is to privatize and notprotecting the biodiversity (Walker 39). Conflicting systems of the rights The rights to intellectual property as stipulated under TRIPs can be recognized based on novelty. On the otther hand, the rights of community under CBD are well founded on the basis of the pre-existing rights with regard to biodiversity as well as associated knowledge.IPR on inventions related to biodiversity is considered dependent upon rights of the communities. Downes (14) indicates that by altering the meaning of the novelty to be myopic, a culturally minimized industrial interest, implementation of the TRIPs systematically negates the wider historical contributions that have been made by these communities in the developing countries. This is with regard to global biodiversity as well as substantially undermines their rights. Therefore, it can be seen that the two structures of rights as detailed in the CBD and TRIPs are in complete opposition to each other. As indicated in the forgoing discussions, TRIPs agreement candidly defines the intellectual property rights as private righ ts. Due to the fact that these rights are subject to general principles of national treatments as set by WTO, implementation of Article 27.3(b) as stipulated by the TRIPs Agreements on biodiversity will result to jurisdictions of the private individual property rights (Love 203). In this regard, global scope of the rights highly destabilizes regime of the national sovereignty as espoused by the CBD that hope to recognize inherent rights of the local and indigenous communities. In this sense, one can see that the IPRs, which are applied under the TRIPs significantly runs counter to the objectives of convection: IPRs prevent the CBD from realisation of the practical and full meaning of the Article 3 that deals with national sovereignty as well as Article 8j dealing with the rights of the indigenous and local communities. conservation of the biological diversity as stipulated by CBD cannot be attained under global regime of the private monopoly rights. This is because conservation of the biological resources signifies enormous responsibilities, which TRIPs have not yet allocated to the ones who benefits from the ownership rights to the available resources. The private property regimes as established by the TRIPs can undermine implementation of the benefits and accesses sharing provisions of the CBD. Downes (15) indicates that, private monopolies only start where community or national sovereignty has been substantially suspended. Under the TRIPs, genetic resources that communities and nations are mandated to control as well as access will be under the controls of the IPR holders. Communities as well as governments will not have any means of regulating control or demand any share of benefits. Conflicting obligations Moore Yang (67) stipulated that the member states of TRIPs and CBD face similar inescapable challenge. The two treaties are extremely binding to the signatories, although their duties pull countries in different directions. In most cases, it can be seen that countries that in all good faith hopes to implement the rights of communities under the CBD frame policy can find themselves in serious contraventions of TRIPs Agreements. Downes (13) established that fundamental conflicts between TRIPs and CBD are irreducible and effortless. CBD simply recognises the fact that states posses national sovereignty with regard to their biological resources (Commission on Intellectual Property Rights CIPR 2). the TRIPs hope to establish private individual rights over similar issues. Within one given country, the sovereignty of takes priority, and the framework of CBD may prevail. However, between a sovereign state and a foreign IPR holder, the jurisdiction of a state is limited, thus it can fail to countervail holder of IPR. ultimately, the essential contradiction that exists between the TRIPs and CBD will ultimately be seen, unless communities or governments resolve these discrepancies as soon as they occur (Correa 60). The table below summarizes the existing conflicts between the TRIPs Agreement and CBD. CBD says TRIP says The conflict Nation states posses sovereign public rights on their biological resources The biological resources ought to be under private Intellectual property rights. Obligatory licensing for national interests must be restricted. National sovereignty signifies that a country has the rights to forbid IPRs on biological resources. However, TRIPs mostly overlooks this right, as it requires provision of the IPR on microbiological, non-biological, patents and microorganisms protections on plant varieties. The exploitation or use of biological resources has to rise to equally shared benefits. Patents ought to be offered for entire field of technologies, thus the exploitation or use of resources should be protected by the IPR. CBD offers developing countries the legal basis for demanding the shares of benefits. However, TRIPs negates this legal authority. Access and control to biological resources necessitate prior informed consents of country of origin. Further, it requires involvement and approval of the local and indigenous communities. There exists no provision that necessitates prior informed consents to access biological resources that may at a times be secured by IPR Currently, CBD offers states the legal authority, in order to diminish incidences of bio-piracy by demanding prior consents. However, TRIPs disregard this authority, thus promoting bio-piracy. States ought to promote sustainable and conservation of biodiversity Safeguarding of the public nutrition and health as well as public interests, should be a subject to private interests of holders of the IPR as seen in provisions set by the TRIPs Agreements. CBD regards common good and public interests over vested interests and private properties. This is exactly opposite of what TRIPs does. (Grain 1) Resolving the conflict Downes (12) argues that, if the CBD hopes to implement in interests of well-being and survival of the humanity, then there is an urgent need to implement policies, which are extremely objective and are not undermined by narrow agendas of the TRIPs. To achieve this, there is a need for stakeholders to: recognize that CBD has the primacy over WTO in regard to areas of biodiversity as well as traditional knowledge systems. ensure that review of TRIPs agreements enables sovereign states to prohibit all forms of life forms as well as related knowledge from the IPR systems. urgent recognition of the collective rights of local communities and indigenous people over their knowledge relating to bio-diversity (Grain 1). Conclusion From the discussion above, one can see that the global societies requires invention and needs adequate motivation and protection for creators of ideas or products that are socially and economically beneficial to the society (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2). However, it is also extremely necessary to conserve the environment, as well as ensure the establishment and continuity of the much-needed balance in the eco-system as a fundamental step in sustaining life on planet Earth. Another need that has emerged is that of recognizing indigenous knowledge systems and the collective rights of communities. While TRIPS agreement takes on the important mandate of protecting property rights, it needs to be sensitized to nurture biological diversity and recognize fundamental rights of participants in the invention process (International Bureau of WIPO 10). Buy custom Environmental Issue in the Conflicts between TRIPS and CBD essay

Analysis of the smoking ban effect

Analysis of the smoking ban effect â€Å"On the 26th March 2006, smoking was banned in enclosed public places in Scotland.† This essay will consider different aspects of this ban, including a consideration of the extent to which the theory of externalities can be used to justify government legislating on smoking, an analysis and explanation of the short run impact of the smoking ban on market for alcohol sales in pubs and clubs, the market for cigarettes and the market for chewing gum and, finally, an explanation on whether the smoking ban would have any effect on the production possibility curve. All of this will create an economic insight into the effects of the 26th March 2006 smoking ban. Firstly, the theory of externalities will be considered as externalities are seen in almost every area of economic activity, therefore are also important to analyzing the effects of the smoking ban in enclosed public places. Garratt and Sloman (2010, p.517) define them as â€Å"costs or benefits of production or consumpt ion experienced by society but not by the producers or consumers themselves. Externalities are likely to cause market failure if the full social costs and social benefits of production and consumption are not taken into consideration. Social cost includes all the costs of production of the output of a particular good or service. We include the external costs arising, for example, from pollution of the atmosphere. It is therefore important to consider how this theory of externalities justifies the government legislating on smoking. Cigarettes in the UK have an enormous taxation rate – in 2009, 10.5 billion pounds were raised in tax revenue from tobacco for the UK government. People usually tend to smoke a lot when they are drinking so if they are not allowed to smoke inside the clubs and bars, there is not as big as a demand as if people were allowed to smoke in bars and clubs. This means that the government loses the money it could have raised from the tobacco taxation if the re was a bigger demand. The money that has been raised from putting taxation on tobacco is usually invested in healthcare as a public good so it can be perceived as an external benefit. However, government this way avoids the damage of issues that are caused by smoking, such as less productive workforce and the vast amount of money that has to be put into healthcare because of the health issues caused by smoking. Therefore it can be argued that the government loses money but at the same time invests in the long-run welfare and healthcare of the people who are living in Scotland. Some benefits might include women smoking less, therefore living longer or having healthier babies. These benefits of the government legislating on smoking might seem insignificant now because it could be argued that people who smoke, will find a way to smoke anyway, especially with bars and clubs investing in comfortable outdoor smoking areas, but the external benefits of the smoking ban are much more impor tant – the reduction of secondary smoking health costs (non-smokers now do not have to suffer from other people smoking indoors), especially when the smoke that accumulates indoors only contributes to damaging health to people who are inside enclosed places. Also, not being able to smoke inside discourages more people from smoking or they smoke less frequently because a lot of people just can’t be bothered to go outside. This is the case especially amongst young people where smoking is still considered a social activity so if they can’t smoke in bars and clubs – they won’t. Also people are discouraged from smoking in a way that doesn’t affect the black market which is good because then the government does not have to spend extra money on dealing with the black market while spending huge amounts of money improving the health of the people. Taking all these arguments into account, the theory of externalities can be used to justify government l egislation on smoking.

Landscape Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landscape Archaeology - Essay Example in God, landscape painting, cartography and human enterprise, among others, to illustrate how humans have usurped nature, superimposed sophisticated concepts over it, and bent it to their own purposes. Using concepts fleshed out by such philosophers of science as Heidegger, Thomas moves on to explain human concepts of place and how ‘purpose’ is always superimposed thereon. ‘A place is always the place of something.’ (pp173) He also shows how landscapes seem to be contained within a frame: visual or conceptual, and of course monetary or pecuniary. Humans attach value to place, whether or not it is land, developed or otherwise. They also impose meanings of time, as evidence by the article itself; the value placed on findings from the past; as well as practical present-time use. In addition, Thomas shows a connection between land and the cosmos, seen as early as Neolithic times. Tombs, houses and henges not only formed part of the land form, but had some sort of attachment or reference to the skies and astral bodies; so that the passing of time and seasons were understood to affect the land and places where people lived and died, even from such an early time. We are deluding ourselves, Thomas suggests, if we try and interpret archaeological findings within the landscape using our modern mindsets. (pp 180) We would always fail if we superimposed our way of seeing things over whatever remnant of early undertakings we find. We cannot ultimately gain access to the meanings given to, and the uses of, the environment by early civilisations. He gives the examples of evidence of large gatherings in long houses, discoveries of human remains, patterns of movements between and around monuments, and other details studied through visions and understandings that are necessarily limited (or overly expanded) by modern knowledge. Thomas uses the literature, citing Gow, Frazer and Berger among many others, to extrapolate a theory of anthro-centrism: a superimposition (and

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Marketing - Essay Example The report then looks at how RLL can fit into the hot chocolate market using various promotional strategies as well as its existing resources. II. Customer Audit From the interview findings, all the respondents do like hot beverages and many of them take hot chocolate. Both male and female respondents across a wide range of age brackets like taking chocolate. Those who take chocolate drinks take them for indulgence reasons and other for relaxation. Most people get their chocolate drinks from supermarkets and local shops. When buying their chocolate drinks, most people are influenced by the thickness, a rich flavor and smoothness. Others get whatever is new in the market. The respondents who take chocolate said they would buy a hot beverage called Silk. III. Internal Audit A. Operating Results Tea and coffee dominate the UK hot drinks industry, which account for more than 90% of the industry’s total sales. The remainder of the sales (10%) is accounted for by other food beverage s such as hot chocolate. The hot beverage industry is worth more than ?1.5 billion. The tea industry is worth ?655 million, coffee industry is worth ?739 million while the other food beverages are worth ?125 million. The Forecasted future sales in the UK hot drinks industry is ?1.7 billion by 2016. ... 67% of those consumers with a household income of ?20,000-?24,999 use food beverages. Other high consumers of food beverages are those with household incomes of ?25,000 – ?34,999 (62%), ?15,000 – 19,000 and ?35,000 (64% each). The sales of instant chocolate and add milk chocolate increased from the year 2005 to 2007. B. Strategic Issues Analysis 1. Marketing objectives Launch a new hot chocolate product Generate over ?200,000 in the new product’s sales by the end of the first year. Increase the new product’s sales by 40% by the end of year 2. 2. Market segmentation All hot drinks customers from all age brackets prefer high premium products, which are full of flavor and exotic. They like expensive but restrained image. Their preferred brand does not have to be branded. Young C1C2 customers like convenient products that come at a moderate price. They also like branded products with standard products being the most accepted. For this age group, the kind of pu rchase they make conveys their status. Older C1C2s do not mind the price of the product as long as its quality is right. For them, taste is the most important factor when purchasing hot drinks products. They do not care much about the products image or exotic products. They normally view own label as poor quality. For the younger DEs the product’s price is very important. They tend to buy smaller packages of branded products whose quality must be good. They are also concerned about the image and they are likely to change products quite often. Older DEs mostly buy the cheapest products and they stick to those products that they know, that is, the traditional products. They also value own labels. 3. Competitive Advantage The company has hi-tech production facilities that

Conscientious Objection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conscientious Objection - Research Paper Example he patient in this case is not guilty in any way, but since the doctor who has attended to him/her performs abortions, then Rogers will not attend to him. The other issue is the fact that he is the only pharmacists available at the hospital and thus patients may be stranded. According to the state’s law, Rogers has all rights to act according to his religious, moral and ethical convictions as this does not call for civil, criminal and disciplinary action (Grady, 2006). The hospital cannot therefore fire him. It is the legal right of every patient to be attended to considering in a community hospital (Morrison & Monagle, 2009). It also may be that the patient is in pain and really needs the medication, but because of the religion conviction of Rodgers, he she cannot get the medication. In my view, any decision should be to the advantage of the patient. I would advise the hospitals management to get another pharmacist to work alongside Rodgers. This is because Rodgers has the right not to remit his services to patients coming from doctors who do abortion due to his religious conviction. It is therefore best to get a partner pharmacist in order to serve the interests of the patients and at the same time keep Rogers as they can’t fire

National Response Plan (NRP) Analysis

National Response Plan (NRP) Analysis Natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 hit New Orleans cause more damage and death, a notice of a change to the National Response Plan (NRP) was released, incorporating lessons learned from the 2005 hurricane season. Terrorist attacks are immoral evil and are premeditated. The attacks of 911 were hateful deliberate and the worst of humanity. After the 911 attacks modify the way, government officials felt the need to develop the Office Emergency Management. The National Response Framework (NRF) and the Department of Homeland Security revamped flexible and adaptable ideology in which coordinated key positions and responsibilities across the nation connecting all levels of local, state, government, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The idea intends to identify roles and guide key personnel in managing serious terrorist incidents to a large-scale catastrophic and natural disaster. People are informed well in advance and prepared for natural disasters during Hurricane season, Local, and state offices along with emergency management perform training simulation. These agencies advise the population on evacuation routes, shelter locations and the importance to prepared in the event of a natural disaster was to hit the area. Is evident that people panic some are forced to evacuate from their homes at a moment notice and others may not be able to return home. Protecting public health and safety has always been paramount in nuclear power plant design and operation. Robust structures, such as reactor containment buildings, protect the reactor. Safety systems, such as diesel generators, are redundant and independent. These design features provide excellent protection from external hazards, such as tornadoes and hurricanes, as well as nuclear accidents. The same design features also protect against potential acts of terrorism, making nuclear power plants among the most robust and well-protected civilian facilities in the country (2011 U.SNRC). Thousands of people volunteer to assist those in need when a major disaster strikes.   In a case of a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD), as an American Red Cross Volunteer Responder, one must follow the protocols in place in the event of a terrorist attack. Be off limits of the contaminated locations that has evidence for trained personnel to conduct investigations. Initiating a risk assessment and recognize characteristics and distinction of chemical, biological agents, radiological material. Using specialized equipment such as chemical devices and meter to detect radiation. Evacuations may be required to prevent further casualties from contamination. Temporary shelter in place and decontamination area is appropriate if there is a short duration of release of hazardous material and is determined to be safe for everyone to remain in place. Also, protective action to include victims who pose an infection hazard, quarantine of affected locations. Access to contaminated area is issue b y personnel   assigned to the Command Post delegated by the Incident Command In a WMD incident, protection of the lives of the victims, as well as the responders is a primary concern. To enter a location response teams need to safely enter with appropriate equipment to avoid any hazards of agents. They need to be in fully encapsulated for those areas that highly toxic; vapor protection suites provide skin and respiratory protection.   The three types of control zones are: Hot Zone-   Personnel entering this area must wear the highest level of protective equipment based on the substance involved. Referred as a restricted zone An area surrounding by hazardous materials incident, it extends far enough to prevent any hazardous material release from causing harm to personnel outside the area. Warm Zone- Decontamination area personnel working in this area with limited access to prevent or reduce contamination must wear appropriate protective gear, as they will be dealing with contaminated people and equipment. Cold Zone Contains the command post and other support functions deemed necessary to control the incident. Personnel working in this area do not have to wear protective gear but should have it available if needed. Decontamination procedures vary depending on the particular hazard because one procedure or method will not work for all hazards (Review of the Departments preparation to respond to a WMD incident (2010, page 3).

Bob Dylan Essay -- essays research papers

Bob Dylan, born Robert Zimmerman on May 24th, 1941, has perhaps been one of the most influential singer songwriters of all time. Young Dylan lived the first five or six years of his life in Duluth, Minnesota, until his father became ill with polio and lost his job. The family then moved to Hibbing, Minnesota, where they slept in the living room of his fathers parents house for about two years. As a boy he started listening to late night rhythm and blues stations from Chicago. He pestered the local record store for the newest singles from Hank Williams, Chuck Barry, Howlin' Wolf , and John Lee Hooker, just to name a few. These early influences played, and still play, a big role in Dylan’s unique musical style. Somewhere around the age of ten, Dylan realized that he wanted to be a guitarist and a singer. Soon he formed his own bands, The Golden Chords, The Shadow Blasters, and Elston Gunn & The Rock Boppers. His fellow students were shocked to hear such a voice come from the small kid, when he sang at a high school talent show. After high school graduation in 1959, Dylan enrolled in the University of Minnesota, but never graduated. Instead, he started playing in nearby coffeehouses, and was quickly taken in by the artistic community. There he was introduced to rural folk music of artist like Big Bill Broonzy, Leadbelly, Roscoe Holocomb, and the great Woody Guthrie. Throughout his life, Dylan will blend these three (blues, rock 'n' roll, and folk) mus...

Christian perspective in Webster Essay

By close consideration of two extracts of your choice, assess the importance of the Christian perspective in Webster’s presentation of the Duchess.†Ã‚  There has been much debate over whether the Duchess of Malfi is a character who is essentially a victim of her brothers’ tyranny and the corruption of her court, and whose downfall is caused by such, or is responsible for her own negligent and selfish actions by marrying a man she loved but in doing so abandoning her princely duties. Certainly, Webster’s borrowings saw the Duchess as little more than a whore or a strumpet (much like Julia in Webster’s version), but modern audiences, with modern sympathies, have preferred to see the Duchess as a heroine who is sacrificed for love. The two passages I have chosen to consider neatly contrast each other in showing how the Duchess is susceptible to religious corruption (III.ii.305-320), but equally, how she dies a Christian, almost a martyr (IV.ii.210-239).  In I.i, Antonio, the Duchess’ future husband, recounts a description of the French court, the King of which has ‘quitted’ â€Å"his royal palace | Of flatt’ring sycophants, of dissolute, | And infamous persons† (ll.7-9). This depiction acts as a yardstick by which we compare the court of Malfi. In fact, the entire presentation could be taken as an abstract concept presented visually, rather than any actual occurrence – however, the effect is the same either way. Unfortunately, we soon learn what becomes of the King – in III.iii, the corrupt Cardinal tells us that ‘the famous Lannoy’ had â€Å"had the honour | Of taking the French King prisoner†. This shows us just how powerful corrupt courts are. It strikes an ominous note, not filling us with the most hope for the Duchess ‘stars’ or fate. Against this backdrop of sleaze and rottenness, the Duchess hardly stands a chance – and so we come to our first passage (III.ii.305-320). In III.ii.305-320, we witness the Duchess, having confided in Bosola not only that she is married to Antonio, her household steward, but that she has several children by him, is persuaded by Bosola to â€Å"feign a pilgrimage | To our Lady of Loretto† (ll.306-7), under the (clearly ironic) pretence that she  Ã¢â‚¬Å"may†¦ depart  [her] country with more honour, and [her] flight  Will seem a princely progress, retaining  [Her] usual train about [her]† (ll.308-311). In fact, we know that, on arriving in Loretto, where the Cardinal, by design, awaits her, she is shamefully stripped of her princedom, as is Antonio of his lands (III.iv.5ff esp. Stage Directions), and her train, bar a faithfully minority (a sign of hope for us all, displaying the moral rectitude of the few), desert her in her disgrace (III.v.2-3), for reasons of politics, fear, and uncertainty. Clearly, the pilgrims who witness the banishment do not judge either Antonio or the Duchess harshly – rather they sympathise with them (ll.32-43), so perhaps we are meant to too. Having said that, however, they have not seen what we have seen previously – the wise though portentous warning from Cariola, ignored by the Duchess, that â€Å"if you will believe me, | I do not like this jesting with religion, | this feigned pilgrimage† (III.iii.315-18). The Duchess is, by any means, not faultless – to suggest that she ‘defies the evil in her court and her brothers’ hearts’ is too generous – indeed, despite good intentions, good receptions from onlookers, and indeed, sympathy from the audience, especially the modern one, she is not able to over come the evil in her court and in her brothers’ heart in this instance – she falls at their mercenary, Bosola, and, of course unknowingly, gives in to the ‘evil’ – she allows herself, in her own words, to be ‘led by the hand’ at ‘his direction’ (ll.311-2). The Duchess is after all a tragic heroine – her personality is therefore susceptible to the genre which dictated that she should be realistic, like any other human being. The root of ‘the tragedy’ can be traced back as far as Aristotle’s Poetics, which sees it as a form of drama â€Å"in which a calamity is brought about through a flaw in the character of the hero or heroine, who through a flaw in the character of hero or heroine who, through suffering, achieves a dignity and self-knowledge previously lacking.† The audience feels they can identify closely with this character, which has human faults, and the audience is thus sympathetic – even empathetic – to their case – and should experience heights of emotion such as pity, even horror, at the Duchess’ death. They should emerge from the theatre in some way ‘purged’ by the experience. According to this theory, Tragedy is the great dramatic form which shows human nature as unchanging†¦ only increasing the tragedy of the Duchess’ life and story further, especially because we, as a modern audience, know it is based on a true- life story (recorded in Painter’s Palace of Pleasure). The Duchess is motivated by ‘seeking wisely to prevent future sorrows’, ‘lamenting those in the past’ (ll.319-320) – in other words, she has good intentions, but by themselves they are not enough to dispel the power of the corruption which surrounds and suffuses her.  While it may have been established that the Duchess doesn’t really defy the evil in her court and her brothers’ hearts, it is more possibly that ‘she makes a good end’. These are separate things – it is possible to fulfil one, but not the other – and evidence for the truth of the latter statement can be found in the second passage, IV.ii.210-239.

Post Mortem

Victorian post mortem photography was a custom prevalent in Europe and, to some lesser extent, the United States. It was a culture where people used to pose for photographs with their deceased loved ones for memory purposes. This was a way through which families could mourn and accept the loss of their loved ones. Remembrance encouraged the practice of post mortem photography since most people, especially infants and young adults, were photographed together with their family members to keep their memories alive.This paper will argue that many individuals from the Victorian era who participated in post mortem photography were heavily influenced by religious beliefs that in time developed into religious fixations. Post mortem photography is defined by modern psychiatry as an aspect of acute grief, which occurs in the early aftermath of a death. Acute grief can be intensely painful and is often characterized by behaviors and emotions that would be considered unusual in normal everyday l ife.Some individuals from the Victorian era (1837-1902), who believed in post mortem photography, saw their life here as an entrance to eternal life in heaven. However, these individuals from the Victorian era further believed in freeing the soul so that it was not enslaved in the body after death and further believed that post mortem photography would so free the soul of the deceased. Background: Even though post mortem photography and the dead have a long history, most associate post-mortem photography to the Victorian period in Europe and, to some lesser extent, the United States.Post-mortem photography was very popular in this 19th century period because the invention of the first photographic process, daguerreotype (a photographic process, which a picture on a silver surface sensitizes tit iodine was developed by exposure to mercury vapor, invented in 1839) made photography much more affordable. Daguerreotype photography was embraced since it was cheap and fast as compared to d rawing; this faster and cheaper technique also offered the middle class with a way to remember the deceased.Basically meaning, that those authorizing a post-mortem photographic sketch of a relative or friend also had the financial ability to meet the cost. Because of post mortem photography new nature, society embraced the daguerreotype quickly without having a second thought. â€Å"Post- mortem photography thrived in hydrotherapy ancient decades, among costumers who preferred to posses a photo of their deceased members as compared to lacking a memory. † (Cornwall, 2004, p. 61). The photographs were used as keepsakes to remember family and friends.Some photographers dedicated a substantial portion of their time to photograph the deceased. The strict relation between post mortem photography and the Victorian period inclines to overlook a number of variables. For instance, post mortem photography is still appreciated today in the same way as it was in the 19th century (Carmicha el, 1966, p. 53). Nevertheless, there is a limited amount of photographers wrought the United States who still perform post mortem photography, and death masks.However, many modern post mortem photos put less effort on giving the deceased a life-like appearance, and instead captures pictures of the deceased in coffins. Main Point 1: During the Victorian era, it was clear there were bizarre superstitions and rituals that families abided by to ensure their loved ones got the proper burial. In addition, to the bizarre superstitions and rituals, during the Victorian era some individuals participated in witchcraft and Joined cults. Victorian society was full of bizarre prepositions and rituals, like covering all mirrors with black fabric when someone died.Most people participated in this bizarre superstitions and rituals because it was feared that the mirror could steal the decease's soul and keep it. Also, during the Victorian era many individuals in Europe and, to some lesser extent, t he United States believed in death omens, which is an indicator that the person who is visited by bad spirits is going to die. For instance, seeing themselves in dreams, or seeing an owl during the day. Main Point 2: An initial dwelling of the deceased is considered to be normal.However, Jean Calenderer, a researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill of Victorian ghost stories and early psychology, describes acute grief as pathological (meaning evidence of being mentally disturbed). It then becomes a fixation. (Spirit Photography: Victorian Culture of Mourning, 17). These bizarre superstitions and rituals were really Just symptoms of some deeper-seated pathological issues. Prevailing Theories There are other psychological answers to the obsession with the deceased.Post mortem photography in and of itself is not necessarily evidence of some sort of pathological issue. Even though the today's society looks at post mortem photography as a morbid action, most of us stil l practice it in various ways. Only the actual real life posing for the pictures is what has been abandoned. People have cultural practices that make them still value the practice of post mortem photography for purposes of remembrance. Also, the practice of post mortem photography is still essential in some religions, such as for Catholics, who cherish respecting the deed for several reasons.One is the continued need to memorial the deceased using a worshiped treasure, such as a photograph. A second reason is to maintain the continuity of church growth and ideas, as the process of the passing down of information regarding certain prominent church personalities and how they dedicated their life to serve could trigger the use of post mortem photography. This is because in current society, we identify ourselves with these people. Post mortem photography also is currently used in criminal investigations.The use of post mortem photography is essential in ensuring that even the dead can b e accorded Justice. Post mortem photos are often used as aids to deduce the cause of death of an individual, specially in a case where the death occurred under mysterious circumstances. This shows that the current use of post mortem photography in our Justice system is justifiable. Documentation does have limits. For example, in a massacre, for purposes of evidence, it is essential for the Journalist and people concerned to take pictures of the dead, but to be able to pose them for the public is not accepted.Nature always exposes human beings to challenges that need to be recorded for future generations. The use of post mortem photography as a record for future reference is commendable. For instance, in the field of anthropology, photographic communication of events is essential for they act as proof of what actually happened. Though, some people depict this as uncultured to some extent. There are certain photos that anthropologists would use, but societal moral values and beliefs r estrict the use of such photos.Yet, in order to validate the scientific findings, it is still justifiable to use post mortem anthropology to achieve this purpose regardless of societal values. Rebuttal People today are scared of death, it is not perceived as in the early 19th century when people used to take death as a normal thing. Death was more of a way of life urine the Victorian era for several reasons. Mothers died in childbirth, children died from preventable diseases, adults lived much shorter life spans. Modern medicine and technology have eliminated all of these as concerns.Celebrations such as Halloween show how people today are scared of death, as, for example, the masks used are normally from images related to death. They are intended to scare people, but at the same time they actually depict what was meant for post mortem photography. People avoid death, it is still something that happens to all of us eventually, but modern society has made it into something to be afra id of, something o scare little children and something to be kept at a distance. Most people no longer associate death as being a normal event as in the 19th century.Thus, what occurred in the 19th century was more related to trying to understand death as a normal part of life, not a pathological condition requiring medical treatment. Conclusion Even though post mortem photography was mostly attributed to the Victorian era, today people still practice this through recordings as keepsakes, the taking of post mortem pictures for use in our Justice system, the use of methods such as tattoos rented on our skin, graffiti painted on our cars and walls, images and pictures of the dead in their graves, as well as statues.We are not running away from death and post mortem photography, but we are only distancing ourselves from death while adopting other ways to remember the departed ones.